Panther Island Adventures

Plant of the Week: Earleaf Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis) INVASIVE EXOTIC

2012-02-01T09:47:00.000-08:00

Earleaf acacia is native to Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia. It is an attractive tree, and this is what led to its introduction to Florida as an ornamental in the early 1930s. The leaves are slightly ear-shaped (as seen by the photo); well they make me think of floppy dog ears at least! And the leaves are actually flattened leaf stalks called phyllodes.

Phyllodes are an adaptation seen in plants that grow and thrive in hot climates and aid the plants in surviving through droughts. It is a fast-growing plant that does well in disturbed areas but has also invaded Florida scrub, pinelands, and hammock areas. This plant is an ecological threat because of its ability to out-compete our natives as well as shade out some of our rare plants.

For more information, please visit one of the following webpages.
http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/misc/pdfs/SP257/Acacia_auriculiformis%28SP257-074%29.pdf
http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/acacia.htm

Plant of the Week: Simpson's zephyr lily (Zephyranthes simpsonii)

2012-01-26T08:53:00.000-08:00

One of the best things about a prescribed fire in a mesic or hydric pine flatwoods is the appearance of zephyrlilies a few weeks post-burn. The lily seen here is, I believe, Simpson's zephyr lily (Zephyranthes simpsonii). It is listed as endangered in Florida and is endemic to peninsular Florida! We have these on Panther Island and other areas of Corkscrew. It seems to be that the limiting factor for its range is competition with other plants (another management reason for removal of invasive, non-native vegetation!). Mowing and other activities along roadsides, etc can reduce competing vegetation to levels were they are able to compete and survive. The main threats to its continued existence pertain to habitat changes such as over-drainage and development.

Critter of the Week January 16: American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus)

2012-01-16T10:22:00.000-08:00

It seems like every time I post about a new critter I mention how much I love that species...well it is still true for the American bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus)! This lovely bird is actually in the heron family (Order: Pelicaniformes; Family: Ardeidae) and can be mistaken for another bittern, the least bittern (Ixobrychus exilis). These birds are found in marshes where they hide in the grasses and reeds. Their plumage is cryptic and allows them to blend in well with their surroundings. They forage on insects, crustaceans, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals. Solitary animals, they move slowly and somewhat stiffly. They snatch food with their bills and kill the prey with a rapid shake or bite. Because they can be hard to spy, it is often easier to identify them or recognize their presence through their distinctive call.
http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Bittern/sounds/ac

American bitterns build their nests out of emergent vegetation (cattails, reeds, etc.) in shallow marshes about 3-8 inches above the water in dense thickets of emergent vegetation. The nests themselves are lined with grass and a typical clutch size is 1-5 eggs. Incubation lasts from 24-28 days.

Holiday Hiatus!

2011-12-15T06:51:00.000-08:00

Sorry guys but I am taking a holiday hiatus to work on my thesis and enjoy time with family! Here are some pics to enjoy while I am gone.

Critter of the Week Nov. 28: Pied-billed grebe (Podilymbus podiceps)

2011-11-28T15:24:00.000-08:00

An amazingly cute resident bird seen around Panther Island is the pied-billed grebe (Podilymbus podiceps). My supervisor calls them "submariners" b/c they like to evade their predators by sinking underwater or diving. Many people think they are a duck b/c their swimming is similar to that of ducks. However, they don't have webbed feet! Instead, each of their toes has these nifty lobes that extend out to increase surface area for paddling. This also happens to be the case for American coots! The pads are pretty stiff but do fold back as the foot is brought forward in the water. They will then flare outward as the foot is brought backward...herein is your increase in surface area! Pretty nifty adaptation if you ask me.

Pied-billed grebes forage on fish, crustaceans, and aquatic insects. And they do breed on Panther Island. I have seen the young out and about with the parents. They like to breed in areas that have dense stands of emergent vegetation and use all types of wetlands in the winter. I also think they have pretty cool nests. They build the nests by making an open bowl in a floating platform of vegetation. Clutch sizes are 3-10, and the eggs are bluish-white in coloration. The young are capable of leaving the nest within 1 day but usually stay on the platform b/c they don't swim well yet. They will actually sleep on a parent's back where the parent holds them close beneath the wing! By around 4 weeks old they are on the water day and night, but the first ten days they do this their response to danger is to climb onto a parent's back. But they eventually stop doing that and begin to dive to avoid danger. Pretty awesome parenting skills there though!

Prescribed Fire Season is approaching and I am prepping...enjoy these pics in the meantime...

2011-11-15T15:30:00.000-08:00

Critter of the Week: Coyote (Canis latrans)

2011-10-31T11:47:00.000-07:00

Photo taken in Yellowstone National Park a few years ago.

Coyotes have an interesting history. Once a species found only in the western portion of the United States, it can now be found throughout the eastern United States, including Florida, reaching the northwestern region of the state in the 1970s. While this range expansion is a natural phenomenon, it was also aided by human trafficking. People would capture the animals in the western US and ship them to be released in Florida. Their scientific name, Canis latrans, actually means "barking dog" while the common name is derived from coyotl which is the name used by Mexico's Nahuatl Indians.

Photo above was taken at Babcock-Webb WMA, Florida

A member of the dog family, coyotes range from 20 and 30 pounds, and are considered the best runners of the canids, cruising along at a clip of 25-30 mph and can get up to speeds of 40 mph for short sprints. They can also make leaps of 14 ft.! One way to distinguish them from other canids is the way they hold their tail when running. Domestic dogs hold their tails up and wolves hold theirs straight.

Mating occurs in late winter when the females are in heat, and this is the only time in the year they will breed b/c the males sperm is only active this time of year (unlike domestic dogs whose is active year-round). Gestation lasts for 63 days and then an average of 6 pups per litter is born. Both parents and sometimes offspring from the previous year will rear the young. Dens, often in brush piles, hollow logs and burrows, are used until pups are about 8-10 weeks old. Pups will start exploring the world outside the den when about 3 weeks old. Around 9 months old the parental care ends and the pups begin to disperse to set up their own territories; however some pups will stay within the parents territory and assist with the next years litter. Pairing between parents may last for several years or even a lifetime. It may seem coyotes are extremely social like wolves, but in reality the basic social structure consist of just the breeding pair and their offspring with the strongest bonding occurring during breeding. Coyotes do have territories and their are resident (having established territories shared by family) and transient animals (typically younger animals living on the fringe of resident territories). The home ranges vary greatly in size (1,500 to 12,000 acres) depending on the population size and resources available (water, food, den sites, etc).

Photo above taken in Yellowstone National Park

Coyotes are highly adaptable and will forage on numerous different critters (an opportunist). They eat rabbits, mice, rats, fruits, birds, snakes, insects, and carrion. They usually hunt alone but will work together sometimes. I have seen them on Panther Island before, but the frequency of sitings is few and far, far between.

Critter of the Week: Black swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes)

2011-10-24T15:22:00.000-07:00

As the weather starts to turn cooler, I start to see fewer and fewer butterflies. The one seen here is a black swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes) which is easily confused with a spicebush swallowtail (Papilio troilus)...and I hope I got this right after staring at numerous photos of both species and mine! Their vibrant colors can be seen as they flit across marshes, open areas, fields, meadows and gardens. This species exhibits sexual dimorphism (males and females vary in appearance). Adults feed on nectar of numerous plants including (but not limited to) thistles, milkweed, and red clover. Males will actually mix perching and patrolling for receptive females.

So once mating has occurred, females will lay eggs singly on host plants which are then consumed by the larvae. What plants are caterpillar hosts you ask? Well members of the parsley family (Apiaceae) which includes: dill, celery, carrots, and Queen Anne's lace. In some regions plants from the citrus famila (Rutaceae) are used...which is quite likely down here.

This is a relatively common butterfly and thus far there are no conservation concerns associated with them. However, things can change so lets keep protecting a wide variety of habitat!

Please click the link above for more information about the black swallowtail life cycle!

Plant of the Week: Saltmwarsh Mallow (Kosteltzkya pentacarpos)

2011-10-17T14:36:00.000-07:00

The saltmarsh mallow (Kosteltzkya pentacarpos) is actually a member of the hibiscus (Malvaceae) family . Commonly found in Florida in saltmarshes and freshwater wetlands, it often goes unnoticed. And then one day the beautiful flowers draw your eye. This perennial plant is hermaphroditic (having both male and female reproductive organs). It can bloom anytime from the spring into the fall. It grows to 4-6 ft. tall and only lives about 5 years. This native plant is available commercially, and it would be a great addition to any hummingbird or butterfly gardens since it does attract these lovely critters (as a nectar source).

Critter of the Week Oct. 10: Black-bellied Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis )

2011-10-10T17:02:00.000-07:00

During the summer months, I must admit I sometimes get down and out while working because of the heat and bugs. But the wildlife keeps me smiling...especially our year-round resident black-bellied whistling ducks (Dendrocygna autumnalis). These medium-sized ducks have long necks and long, pink legs, and imagine this...a black belly. I readily identify them in my area from their red bills. In flight, one can see a large white patch their wings. Their call is a wheezy and musical whistling, quite distinctive!

These ducks nest in tree cavities or boxes near water. Often one sees them in large flocks. I typically see them along the edge of the flow-way in flocks ranging from 2-10. The largest flock I have counted on Panther Island is 32! They are, in fact, breeding on Panther Island as I have seen ducklings on occasion.
Black-bellied whistling ducks forage on grass, grain, insects, mollusks, and aquatic plants. Behaviorally, they actually resemble swans and geese in that they lack sexual dimorphism (visual difference between males and females of the same species), form pretty long pair-bonds, and have relatively simple pair-forming behavior.

Plant of the Week: Sugarcane Plume Grass (Saccharum giganteum)

2011-10-03T15:22:00.000-07:00

Field of sugarcane plume down at Corkscrew

Fall has to be one of my favorite times of year out on Panther Island. People talk about the brilliant colors of the trees up north, but we have our own special colors down here! And one plant that always impresses me with its coloring is sugarcane plume grass (Saccharum giganteum). This lovely plant is commonly found growing in a variety of habitats including: marshes, wetter pine flatwoods, lakes shores, and more. I typically have this growing in wet prairies at Panther Island.

This native was once a dominant grassland plant throughout the southeastern United States; however as has happened in numerous places it has been extirpated in lots of areas since humans arrived here. There are approximately ten species of plume grasses in the United States. I am also happy to say that this plant is increasing and spreading on Panther Island as we manage to knock back invasives even farther on the restored land.

Plant of the Week: Bottlebrush Threeawn (Aristida Spiciformis)

2011-09-26T13:43:00.000-07:00

Now I know this probably sounds dorky, but I absolutely have favorite grasses! And bottlebrush threeawn (Aristida spiciformis) has to be in my top five. This native species started popping up in a pine flatwoods area after we burned it, and every fall it comes back in greater numbers (so I must be doing something right as a land manager!).

Grasses are often overlooked by people. Often one looks out and sees just one type of grass like St. Augustine or bermuda (a non-native used in sports fields that readily escapes cultivation and displaces natives). However, there are a wealth of grasses out there; it is often hard to tell two species apart and sometimes can only be done using a loop (magnifying glass) and looking at seeds! Native grasses are important for our wildlife though, and there are many beautiful grasses that can be used in landscaping (such as muhly {Muhlenbergia capillaris} and Fakahatchee {Tripsacum dactyloides}).

Critter of the Week: Black Racer Snake (Coluber constrictor)

2011-09-19T17:40:00.000-07:00

One of the most common snakes I see on Panther Island is the black racer (Coluber constrictor). There are numerous subspecies of this snake throughout the eastern United States. These guys can get pretty long (up to 60 in). They typically have some white under the chin and will be smooth scaled and have large eyes. There is quite a bit of variation within the species though, and they can be mistaken for other species of larger snakes in the area. Behavior is a great way to identify this snake. Most snakes will freeze, but these guys will often "race" away when they feel threatened; but don't be fooled, when cornered they will stand their ground and attempt to strike. Young racers do not look like adults; instead they are often tan or greyish with a series of brown or reddish blotches that run down the middle of their backs. And their eyes are typically larger and bodies more slender than most young snakes. Once about 12 inches they will lose their juvenile coloring.

Black racers can be found in a variety of habitats.They are opportunistic predators; in Florida, they feed on frogs, lizards, and other snakes (along with rodents, birds, eggs, etc). I found the snake in the photo to the left by following the sound of it rapidly moving its tail in the leaf litter! I thought I was on the trail of a rattlesnake when I saw this racer consuming another snake. They are not constrictors; instead they bite their prey and hold them down against the ground until it stops moving, and then prey is consumed while alive. While primarily terrestrial, as seen in the top photo, they are quite adept at climbing vegetation. Breeding occurs from March through June. Females will lay 6-20 eggs during the summer (May through August), and the newborns are a mere 6-9 inches long.

The photo above was taken on the fringe of a cypress forest (using a telephoto lens). This black racer is getting ready to shed (a process known as ecdysis)! Note its opaque eye...sign of shedding. This milky coloring is actually the result of the eye cap (a specially adapted scale that covers the eye) being loosened up in order to be shed along with the rest of the skin.

Critter of the Week: Northern Rough-winged swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripennis)

2011-09-13T16:01:00.000-07:00

One of my favorite things to watch is birds coming in to take a drink. Today was a rare treat as I was able to watch some northern rough-winged swallows (Stelgidopteryx serripennis)! Named for the rough edges of their outermost wing feathers, these guys are summer residents of the northern United States and Canada and migrate south for the winter to Central America.
The habitat of these aerial acrobatics includes lakes, rivers, ponds, etc. They forage almost exclusively on aerial insects...usually capturing its prey close to the ground or water's surface.This species is more solitary than other swallows and doesn't nest in large colonies like those of the bank swallow. They do nest in burrows or cavities, often times made by other critters (but they can dig their own)...or in one case inside a Civil War cannon! They nest in late May and June, and their clutches are typically 4-8 eggs. Interestingly, Steglidopteryx means "scraper wing" in Greek while serripennis means "saw feather" in Latin.

2011-08-31T17:26:00.000-07:00

Hello all! You can't tell but this Big Brown bat is actually saying "Thanks for coming to Corkscrew International Bat Night presentation!"

Stay tuned for more critter, plant, etc. of the week posts starting up next week!

Another bat species: Mexican long-tongued bat (Choeronycteris mexicana)

2011-08-23T18:25:00.000-07:00

Yet another bat species found in the United States is the Mexican long-tongued bat (Choeronycteris mexicana). A member of the Phyllostomidae family (leaf-nosed bats), this species is found throughout Mexico and into El Salvador and Honduras. They can be found in the far southern reaches of California, Arizona, and New Mexico where they are very rare. Apparently only females migrate to this region

I had the great joy of handling some of these gals while in Arizona, and I love their faces! Their long snouts and tongues are perfect for acquiring their food...nectar! Mexican long-tongued bats forage on nectar and pollen from plants such as agave (yeah...we need them for tequila!). They will also go to and forage from hummingbird feeders. But this supplement doesn't necessarily pack the wollop that their natural food sources do, and there is ongoing research to look at the impacts of hummingbird feeders on behavior of the bats.

See bats foraging on plants!

International Bat Night... August 27th! Preregister for a program at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary!

2011-08-16T15:14:00.000-07:00

The United Nations Environmental Programme has declared 2011-2012 the "Year of the Bat" and we at Corkscrew want to celebrate these fascinating and often persecuted and misunderstood creatures. I will be giving a presentation in the classroom at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary on Bats of the World from 6:45 until 7:45. Then we are going to go out to one of the bat houses and watch them emerge!

For more information, prices, etc. please contact Karin Becker via phone 239-348-9151 ext. 108 or email kbecker@audubon.org

Photo by Jennifer Beltran

Critter of the Week Aug. 15: Seminole Bat (Lasiurus seminolus)

2011-08-16T14:59:00.000-07:00

So I must admit that I have great love for this particular species of bat because it is the first species I ever removed from a mist net on my own. Plus they are just beautiful!

Seminole bats (Lasiurus seminolus) are members of the Vespertilionidae family. They are found in the southeastern United States but seem to be closely tied to the distribution of Spanish moss (one of its preferred roosting sites). They also use pine trees. Seminole bats (like other Lasiurines) are solitary roosters and commonly are referred to as "tree" bats b/c of their roosting preferences. They look very similar to other tree bats but their fur is typically a deep rich mahogany color and often the very tips of the fur have white "frosting" (as seen in the top photo). These insectivores feed primarily on moths, beetles, true bugs, and flies (to name a few).

Critter of the Week Aug. 8: Pallid bat (Antrozus pallidus)

2011-08-08T12:54:00.000-07:00

One of my all-time favorite bats is the pallid bat (Antrozus pallidus). I had the great joy of handling some of these guys when at a bat conservation and management workshop in Arizona. A member of the Vespertilionidae family, these insectivores are unique, even in the bat world. Their over-sized ears (even by bat standards!) allow them to detect insects by their footsteps! Their hearing is so amazing that they can respond with uncanny precision to split-second sounds from up to 16 ft away. After capturing its prey, it will carry its meal to a perch for consumption. They tend to like thicker, harder-bodied insects like beetles, crickets, and grasshoppers. Another cool pallid bat fact: they eat scorpions and are immune to scorpion stings!! Pallid bats are found in the western United States. These solitary bats typically roost in rock crevices, buildings and bridges in arid and semi-arid regions.

Bats in the Belfry!

2011-08-07T08:09:00.000-07:00

In honor of the UNEP declaration of the year 2011-2012 as the Year of the Bat, the next few blogs will revolve around bats of the United States and other nations. And a special note, August 27th is International Bat Night! So look around in your community to see about any special programs.

Evening Bat captured in Southern Florida

Back! Plant of the week July 25: Swamp lily

2011-07-24T18:30:00.000-07:00

The swamp lily aka string lily (Crinum americanum) is a native tropical perennial found throughout Florida and much of the southeastern United States. It is an obligate wetland species. This means under natural conditions you will almost always see them growing in wetlands. This includes: wet prairies, depression marshes, ditches, hydric hammocks, floodplains, riverine marshes, and wet pastures (to name a few). The lily is a bulb, and it is extremely difficult to extract these guys from the ground. The large flowers are very fragrant and showy. And its fruiting body is a large capsule that is 4-6 cm wide and can have 1 to many large fleshy seeds inside.

People sometimes confuse these flowers with members of the spiderlily (Hymenocallis) genus. However, the swamp lily has a very distinctive feature to look for: bright red, purple, or pink stamen filaments (which you can see in the photos).

Temporary Hiatus!

2011-06-15T16:28:00.001-07:00

Hey all! I am taking a two week hiatus during my final push to complete thesis data collection. Look for continuing posts in early July!

Critter of the Week June 6: Nothern Bobwhite Quail

2011-06-06T13:29:00.000-07:00

The Northern bobwhite is considered a game species, and at one time they were found throughout the state in appropriate habitat. However, with the human population expanding, their habitat has dwindled or become degraded. Now more abundant numbers as only found in areas where the land is heavily managed to mimic what once was. Panther Island is home to 2-3 small coveys of this species, and we are working to improve the habitat in the hopes that we can someday support more.
For more information...click here.

Critter of the Week May 30: Corn Snake (Elaphe guttata guttata) aka Red Rat Snake

2011-05-31T07:25:00.000-07:00

This beautiful snake is a relatively common snake; however their wild numbers are possibly being negatively impacted by illegal collection for the pet trade (BOO! on this illegal activity!). If you are looking to buy a snake as a pet and choose this species, please ask the pet store or distributor you purchase the snake from where the animal came from!

Corn snakes can be found throughout Florida and range to the Mississippi River and then nrothward to southern New Jersey. They can be found in a variety of habitats including pinelands, swamps, agricultural areas, residential areas, and hardwood hammocks. Frogs, rodents, lizards, and birds and bird eggs are their primary prey. From April to June, they breed and females will 3-40 eggs during the summer months. From July to September these eggs hatch and the young cornsnakes try to repeat the cycle of life.

Apologies!

2011-05-13T12:55:00.001-07:00

I am having trouble getting the pictures up! Sorry...hopefully this gets corrected soon.

Just some pics for fun...critter of the week coming tomorrow!

2011-05-10T19:57:00.000-07:00

Critter of the Week May 2: Florida Softshell Turtle

2011-05-02T18:06:00.000-07:00

One of my favorite turtles is the Florida softshell. Not only do I see them out on Panther Island, but they are frequently seen in my neighborhood. While I writing, I came across a great write-up by a researcher who works with softshells. So click the link for more info! Florida Softshell

Plant of the Week: April 25: Bandanna-of-the-Everglades (aka Golden Canna) (Canna flaccida)

2011-04-27T18:50:00.000-07:00

The beautiful Bandanna-of-the-Everglades (Canna flaccida) is a herbaceous perennial tropical-looking plant that can be found in wet ditches, marshes, and swamp margins. It ranges throughout the US Coastal Plain from South Carolina to Florida and Texas. This is a rhizomatous plant which means it grows from underground stems (rhizomes) that are constantly giving rise to additional shoots.

Plant of the Week April 18: Pickerel weed (Pontederia cordata)

2011-04-21T06:38:00.000-07:00

Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata) is a common plant of ponds, streams, marshes, and wet ditches of the southeast. This plants blooms from March into November in Florida. This prolific grower can cover large areas (as seen in the bottom of the two pictures above). usually it grows to be about 2-3 feet tall. The leaves are generally large with them being usually twice as long as wide and following a lance-shape. However, there can be alot of variability! Considering how long the blooming season is, it is often easiest to identify this plant by its violet-blue spike of flowers (although sometimes they are so pale as to appear white).

I often see birds hunkering down or flitting between patches of pickerelweed as well as numerous insects (bees, butterflies, etc) visiting for nectar.

Sorry for the absence!!

2011-04-11T18:02:00.000-07:00

Hello all. I have been sick and absent the last week or so. I will be up and running again next Monday! Until then...enjoy this pretty shot of a barred owl little one!

Plant of the Week March 21: Southern Blue Flag Iris (Iris virginica)

2011-03-21T13:55:00.000-07:00

As spring approaches, I eagerly anticipate seeing one of my favorite flowers blooming. Southern blue flag iris brings a brilliant flash of color to the landscape. this lovely native is a perennial that grows from rhizomes (rhizomes are a horizontal, underground, modified stem).

This plant is typically found growing in wet areas like wet prairies, marshes, swamps, stream and lake edges and even wet ditches. It is found throughout the southeastern states. Its' fruit is a capsule that can get up to 2.25 inches long!

Delayed....

2011-03-16T19:22:00.001-07:00

Sorry for the delay folks. Trying to get some shot of some plants to do some plants!!!

Critter of the week: Peninsula ribbon snake (Thamnophis sauritus sackenii)

2011-03-09T14:12:00.000-08:00

I know it is hard to think of a reptile as cute, but I would have to classify this particular species as "cute"! This relatively common snake is found throughout the state of Florida. This is a semiaquatic critter and can be found in a variety of habitats including pine flatwoods, hardwood hammocks, cypress stands, marshes, etc. This is one of the more frequently seen snakes around residential areas as well as along canals and ditches. But these cuties are NON-VENOMOUS!!!
They forage on frogs, salamanders, small fishes, and even earthworms. During the late spring (April -June), they breed. This species is live-bearing so they give birth to about 20 newborns from July into September.

The person holding this snake has experience in snake identification and handling! Do NOT attempt to pick up snakes on your own! It should be done only by someone with training!!!

Prescribed fire video

2011-03-03T18:10:00.000-08:00

One of the management tools we use is prescribed fire. Here is some footage from a recent burn. Please, do not attempt these on your own or at home. We receive training and have appropriate gear to do these!!!

Fire videos coming soon!

2011-02-28T19:29:00.001-08:00

sorry for the delay...I am having some problems getting some fire video uploaded!

Landscape shots!

2011-02-23T20:24:00.000-08:00

So sorry I haven't gotten around to posting earlier in the week! Here are some pretty landscape shots to tie you over until my Monday post!

Left: Field of sunflowers

Right: A short hydroperiod pond

Left: One of the mesic pine flatwoods

Right: Recreated area dominated by muhly grass in bloom

Critter of the Week Feb. 14: Dusky Pigmy Rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius barbouri) VENOMOUS!

2011-02-14T14:03:00.000-08:00

The dusky pigmy rattlesnake is a short but thick snake, gaining lengths of just 12-24 inches. But don't let the size of this guy make you feel safe...they are a venomous snake as are all rattlesnakes. Many people feel this is a pretty aggressive snake, and one should respect it and give it a wide berth! All photos here were taken at a safe distance with a zoom lens. As you can see by the photo to the left, their camouflage works great! I almost stepped on this guy! Their rattles are small, and you don't typically hear them.

The dusky pigmy rattlesnake is actually one of three subspecies of pigmy rattlesnake and is the only one found in Florida. The other two subspecies are the Carolina and the Western. All three subspecies have ranges overlapping in Mississippi.
The rattles of rattlesnakes are pretty neat. They are actually formed from a series of nested hollow beads. These beads are actually formed from modified scales. Every time the snake sheds, a new rattle is added so the bigger fatter ones by the body are the newest. The very tip of the tail are the oldest rattles, and they do become more brittle as the snake ages and can wear down and break off at the tip. Newborn rattlesnakes don't have the ability to rattle until they shed their skin for the first time thus gaining an additional button for making the noise. Juvenile pigmy rattlesnakes actually have a yellowish-green tail tip (seen in the picture below).

Dusky pigmy rattlesnakes can be found in a variety of habitats including pine flatwoods, prairies, ponds and lake edges, along canals, and freshwater marshes and swamps. They eat primarily small rodents and frogs but will eat insects as well.
The female gives birth to 5-7 live young (ovoviviparous) and these newborns are approximately 6 inches long. Again, please respect these snakes and the important role they play in our ecosystems! And give them a wide berth for yours and their safety!!!

Prescribed Fire!

2011-02-07T19:00:00.000-08:00

A picture of a prescribed fire in a pine flatwood

This was, in this picture, a low intensity slow moving backing fire.

An example of a more intense fire from the same burn but later in the day. The fuel is different (saw palmetto as opposed to the earlier grasses). Winds were also picking up, thus adding more oxygen to fuel the flames.

The last leg of the fire. Classic example of how a pine flatwood burn with grasses understory would look. We wanted shorter flames that would not scorch the tops of the pine trees.

DISCLAIMER: We are doing these prescribed fires under certain climatic conditions and only after meeting criteria required by local fire departments as well as division of forestry. Staff have been trained on how to conduct these burns! Do NOT attempt these on your own property!

Update soon!

2011-02-01T17:43:00.001-08:00

So we managed to get a prescribed fire done today. I will post some photos soon and give you some information about burning instead of a critter/plant of the week!

Critter of the Week Jan. 24: White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus)

2011-01-24T20:23:00.000-08:00

The white-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus) is a small songbird, and a key characteristic is their....you guessed it...white eyed! You can find these pretty birds in overgrown pastures, shrub areas, thickets, woodland margins, and mangroves. They forage some fruits but primarily on insects. They hunt the insects by taking short hops or flights and punctuated by short pauses where they tilt their heads and look around for prey. They bathe by rubbing against wet foliage.

The white-eyed vireo is often solitary or in pairs, and both sexes will sing their primary song in the winter time. They are monogamous and have solitary nests. The nests are open cups suspended from a fork of a small branch in a shrub or tree, typically lower down closer to the ground. Bark, leaves, roots, etc. are used to make the nest which is held together by insect silk and spider webbing. They even decorate the outside of the nests with things like lichen, moss, and leaves. Inside the nest, there is a lining of fine grass or hair. Both sexes incubate the brood which is usually 3-5 eggs. After 12-16 days the little tykes hatch and are fed by both parents. After 10-12 days they leave the nest. cowbirds will often parasitize their nests.

Critter of the Week Jan. 17, 2011: Big Cypress Fox Squirrel

2011-01-18T15:44:00.000-08:00

The Big Cypress fox squirrel (Sciurus niger avicennia) is a subspecies of the Eastern fox squirrel. I am not sure what the population is on Panther Island, but I know of t least four individuals! Instead of reinventing the wheel, here is a link to information on this cool critter! Big Cypress Fox Squirrel

Critter of the Week January 10: Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

2011-01-10T19:36:00.000-08:00

         A beautiful and deadly medium-sized songbird, the loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) is another favorite resident of mine at Panther Island. If you look closely at the tip of its bill you can see a hook. After searching for prey from a perch, these guys use this hook to kill insects, lizards, mice, and even other birds. And they actually have a notch or "tooth" near the tip of the bill that helps sever the spinal cord of its prey! They then impale their prey on a sharp stick, thorn or say barbed wire fence to hold while they tear apart their food. I actually saw a series of four grasshoppers impaled on barbed wire fencing along the perimeter of Panther Island once. This confused me at first until I saw a loggerhead shrike come in and start eating. When there is a store of food like this it is a cache which is unusual. I think it is pretty cool.
        During the breeding season, they form seasonally monogamous pairs that will defend a territory. during the winter though they are solitary and defend separate territories. Females incubate the eggs (clutch size ranges from 1-9 eggs) for about 16 days The young are altricial and both parents feed them. They leave the nests after about 3 weeks. They often have 2 broods in a year (sometimes even 3 in the south!). In Panther Island, they seem to prefer nesting in young oak trees.
         They are found in habitats where there is a mix of open fields or prairies and scattered trees.In certain areas of their range their population is declining due to habitat loss and insecticide/pesticide use.

Critter of the Week Jan. 3: Yellow Rat Snake (Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata)

2011-01-05T15:41:00.000-08:00

One of the coolest and most misunderstood critters is the snake. The yellow rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata) is a subspecies of the rat snake. The yellow rat snake is found throughout Florida. They are found in a variety of habitats such as forested areas, swamps, and yes...suburbia. They are arboreal and often can be found by looking UP into trees and shrubs. These guys are actually constrictors by nature and primarily eat rodents, frogs, birds, and eggs. If you don't like snakes, keep in mind they help keep the rodent population in check! They are a slower moving snake that typically reacts to a threat first by freezing. Unfortunately this leads to lots of them being killed along our roadways. they are nonvenomous and typically not aggressive; however with any threatened animal they can and will bite so if you come across a snake just stand back and enjoy their beauty from a safe distance!

Things that make you go hmmmm...

2011-01-04T18:32:00.000-08:00

Sorry guys, I am currently working on getting some more photographs for new and fun topics on here! To be continuted!

Winter vacation!

2010-12-22T17:25:00.000-08:00

So it is that time of year! I will be back on track with the beginning of the New Year with more photos and information about my lovely Panther Island and all that it encompasses. Happy Holidays!!!

Critter of the Week: Snowy Egret

2010-12-14T17:32:00.000-08:00

The snowy egret is a common site on Panther Island (this photo however was taken in the Everglades!). They are distinguished by their black legs and yellow slippers. This species forages in both freshwater and saltwater habitats. I have seen them fly low over water dragging their feet in the water, land, and forage after fish that followed these feet. They will also wiggle their feet around to startle prey. They eat crustaceans, insects, and fish.
Snowy egrets are monogamous during breeding season and will nest in colonies with other wading birds. The colonies form in mangrove islands and swamps in emergent vegetation over water. Nests are built out of sticks and then lined with fine twigs and rushes. Both sexes build the nest. Incubation, a responsibility of both parents, lasts from 20-24 days. The young will stay in the nest for about 30 days before heading out on their own.
The snowy egret is one of the numerous species that were almost wiped out by plume hunters at the turn of the century. Hunters killed them for their feathers for women's hats. While their numbers rebounded over the years, they are still listed in Florida as a species of special concern due to declining breeding numbers, probably due to loss of and degradation of wetlands and coastal breeding habitats.

Back in action next week!

2010-12-07T05:27:00.001-08:00

Family in town so I will be back in action next week!

Critter of the Week: Halloween Pennant Dragonfly (Celithemis eponina)

2010-11-30T15:23:00.000-08:00

One of my favorite things to watch is dragonflies! The species seen here is the Halloween Pennant dragonfly. It is so named for its orange and black (or brown) wings. They tend to be locally abundant, especially in areas like lakes, ponds, and marshes that have emergent vegetation. If not fluttering around, I often see them atop tall grasses and other vegetation along the edges of the water. Like other dragonflies they forage on smaller insects like mosquitoes (YEAH!), ants, flies, etc. The females lay eggs and once these eggs hatch the larvae are known as "nymphs". And interestingly, the longest stage of the dragonfly life cycle is the nymph stage! The nymphs forage on mosquito larvae and other invertebrates.

Plant of the Week: Brazilian Pepper (Invasive Exotic! BAD!)

2010-11-22T16:33:00.000-08:00

Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) is an extremely problematic non-native invasive shrub or tree that is invading natural areas to the point that it disrupts the native communities. This plant is native to Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil. It was introduced into the United States as an ornamental back in the 1840s. It can invade numerous habitat types including pinelands, hardwood hammocks, cypress, and even mangrove forests. It tends to form dense thickets; these thickets don't allow much light to penetrate so numerous natives can't grow or are displaced.

This plant has been seen flowering throughout the year in Florida, but the most intense period of flowering is in the fall (between September and November). It is readily spread by wildlife that forage on its bright red berries. It is very resilient and can re-sprout readily from the trunk, making it ever harder to eradicate. A relative of poison ivy, it produces chemicals that can irritate people's skin and respiratory systems.

Coming Soon! ... Habitat and Invasive Plants of the Week!

2010-11-17T05:12:00.000-08:00

So yet again I have decided to incorporate more entities to highlight on my blog. So I am going to "mix" in some information about different habitats found on Panther Island as well as teach you about the nasty non-native invasive plants that we work to remove and control plus some of the techniques used (like "fire... fire").

STAY TUNED!

Critter of the Week: Seminole bat (Lasiurus seminolus)

2010-11-08T16:45:00.000-08:00

One of my all time favorite animals is the Seminole bat (Lasiurus seminolus) . A member of the Vespertilionidae family, these bats are solitary roosters that often use pine trees or Spanish moss for roosts. The rich mahogany color of their fur with its white tips is great camouflage, and when one hangs from a single foot in a tree they look like a dead leaf! There are also often white patches at the wrists and shoulders. These bats are found throughout Florida (except the Keys), up to North Carolina, and along the Gulf to eastern Texas.

Seminole bats are medium-sized. They have wingspans from 11-13 inches and weigh 9-14 grams. Just for comparison, a US minted nickel weighs exactly 5 grams! These bats forage on insects such as moths, beetles, flies, and more. Females give birth to 1 to 4 young but in Florida it is typically 3 or 4 pups, born in mid-May to mid-June. These pups will take their first flights when they reach 3 to 4 weeks old.

For more information visit these websites:
Florida Bat Conservancy
Bat Conservation International

Critter of the Week: Red-shouldered Hawk

2010-11-01T18:18:00.000-07:00

One of my favorite birds is also one of Panther Island's most common, the red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus). These vocal raptors feed primarily on small mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and birds, often going after the more sluggish and therefore more easily captured prey. While they prefer hunting from They prefer woodland habitats near water. They typically nest in large mature trees that have good canopy cover. Nests themselves are large bowls made of sticks, bark, dried leaves, Spanish moss, and lichens and also line their nests with Spanish moss, lichen, and fine bark. Clutch sizes range from 2-5 eggs, and the eggs hatch after approximately 33 days. An interesting tidbit is that by 5 days old, the young birds are able to shoot their feces over the edge of the nest! So if there is a nest around, look for bird guano on the ground to see if it is active.
There are actually 5 subspecies of red-shouldered hawk. The four eastern forms have ranges that abutt, but the western form is separated by 1000 miles from the "easterns". Two of the 4 subspecies breed in Florida. From the panhandle to Lake Okeechobee is Buteo lineatus alleni. In southern Florida and the Keys, Buteo lineatus extimus ( which is smaller and paler) breeds. When identifying these birds in flight, look for distinctive pal translucent crescents across the outer primaries.

Plant of the Week: Goldenrod (Solidago fistulosa)

2010-10-26T07:44:00.000-07:00

During the fall, lots of beautiful yellow flowers are in bloom, one of them is goldenrod. There are numerous species of goldenrod. The one here is pinebarren goldenrod (Solidago fistulosa). A perennial herb, they can grow to 2 meters tall. This member of the Aster family has a flowering "head" that is actually composed of numerous tiny disc and ray flowers arranged in spikes on slender upper branches. This is an excellent butterfly attractor, and bees love it too (if you like bees that is!).

No critter/plant! Just pretty pics!

2010-10-18T13:13:00.000-07:00

I am having trouble typing after my first full day of exotics work back at work after six weeks of minimal activity due to a broken wrist. So here are some cool pics of Panther Island!

Plant of the week: Ladies'- tresses species

2010-10-10T17:51:00.000-07:00

Ladies'-tresses (Spiranthes) are orchids found in the family Orchidaceae. The pictures here I took in a pine flatwoods and there were probably 30 of them! I am not 100% if they are southern ladies'-tresses (Spiranthes torta) or lacelip ladies'-tresses (Spiranthes laciniata). To me, they are similar in appearance. The southern species is listed as endangered at the state level while the lacelip species is listed as threatened.

Sorry I haven't posted more information!

Critter of the week Oct. 4: Lubber grasshopper

2010-10-04T08:01:00.000-07:00

The Eastern lubber grasshopper (Romalea microptera) is a native grasshopper that can be found in the southeastern United States. It is the only lubber found in the east. The adults (pictured above) are easily distinguished from other grasshoppers by their vivid yellow/red/black coloration. The nymph aka juvenile (pictured below) is also very distinct with its black body and red or yellow stripes. Their coloration is a warning to predators (aposematic) that they don't taste good!

This grasshopper is flightless. Adult males are smaller than the females. In the summer, females will lay 1 to 3 separate egg masses (each mass with about 50 eggs) in soil excavations measuring 5 cm deep. The eggs hatch then in the following spring. These little guys will go throught 5 instars of about 20 days each before reaching sexual maturity. Instars are basically the developmental stages between each molt.

Critter of the week Sept. 27: Green Treefrog

2010-09-27T12:37:00.000-07:00

The green treefrog (Hyla cinerea) is basically a constant companion of mine in the field. I end up seeing them in the wetlands, and I often have them hitchhike on my person or vehicles. They live in almost any habitat that is wet such as swamps, sloughs, They are easily confused with another native species, the Squirrel treefrog (Hyla squirella). Gree treefrogs have a light lateral stripe with distinct borders. If this line is lacking (which does occur) then look for small yellow spots on their back to distinguish them from their cousins. Treefrogs have toes that end with adhesive discs. Additionally their long limbs and fingers aid in their ability to cling to surfaces like twigs and leaves. Its range extends throughout the southeastern United States. For more information click here!

To see a male green treefrog calling, click here!

Plant of the week Sept. 20: Pine lily

2010-09-20T15:42:00.000-07:00

The pine lily aka Catesby's lily (Lilium catesbaei) is a beautiful flower that brings a pop of color to Panther Island's mesic and hydric pine flatwoods as well as wet prairies and savannas. This perennial monocot is found in the southeastern United States where it blooms in fall and early winter. In Florida, it is listed as threatened. To date, I have seen at least 15 in bloom in different areas of Panther Island.

Plant of the week Sept 13: American White Waterlily

2010-09-12T16:57:00.000-07:00

The American white waterlily (Nymphaea odorata) is native to Florida and can be found throughout the United States and into Canada. This dicot is a perennial, and I love seeing it blooming in areas where invasive grasses such as torpedo grass ( Panicum repens) have been successfully eradicated. I often see small frogs and insects in the flowers petals or sometimes on the pads themselves.

Critter of the week Sept. 6: Florida Black Bear

2010-09-07T18:37:00.000-07:00

This week's critter is the threatened Florida black bear (Ursus americanus floridanus), a subspecies of the more common black bear (Ursus americanus). Black bears belong to the family Ursidae which consists of nine species, three of which can be found in the United States (polar bear and grizzly bear are the other two but we don't get them here!).

Our black bear typically weighs from 250-450 pounds for males and 150-250 for females. these critters get that big as omnivores, meaning they eat both plant and animal matter; the majority of their diet is vegetation though such as acorns, nuts, berries, other vegetation such as alligator flag and even insects. The meat they eat is most often scavenged.

Florida black bears are faced with the serious problem of habitat fragmentation. They are forced to travel farther to find new food, denning sites, and mates. As a result of human encroachment in the form of roads, approximately 85% of bear deaths each year are attributed to road kills.Many of these deaths could be avoided by slowing down! Thanks to Linda Berthelsen for the photo above!

Click for more information

Critter delayed!

2010-09-01T14:39:00.001-07:00

So I managed to break my wrist, making typing a tad hard this week. Will get back on schedule next week!

Critter of the Week Aug 23: Giant Swallowtail

2010-08-25T11:10:00.000-07:00

The Giant Swallowtail butterfly is one of my favorites! These beautiful and large butterflies lay their eggs on trees and shrubs in the Rutaceae family (this includes cultivated citrus!). Their caterpillars called "orange dogs" resemble bird poop (talk abotu awesome camo!).
With a wingspan of 4-6 inches, the adults flit around in search of nectar plants like swamp milkweed, lantana, goldenrod, honeysuckle and more. They prefer habitats like rocky and sandy hillsides along waterways (streams, etc) up in the northern portion of its range. In the south, they prefer pine flatwoods, citrus groves, and even towns (with lots of lovely gardens!).

NEW! Plant of the Week Aug. 16: Sunflower

2010-08-17T12:55:00.000-07:00

Understanding the plants that are native and nonnative is important for managing the land for wildlife. So I will be doing plants on occasion now!
And the first plant is the Southeastern Sunflower (Helianthus agrestis). This is an annual that is pollinated by insects such as butterflies and bees. I love watching the smaller birds forage in these flowers during the fall.
There are approximately 21 species of sunflower in Florida belonging to the family Asteraceae. It is the only species of sunflower to grow to such heights and in such large patches in this region of Florida.

Critter of the Week Aug. 9: Common Buckeye

2010-08-09T16:04:00.000-07:00

The common buckeye is a migratory species of butterfly. We see them in the fall and winter months because they can't survive freezing temperatures. In the spring though they migrate north. They are in the brush-footed family (Nymphalidea). These butterflies prefer sunny areas that are open with low vegetation and some bare ground. They use a wide variety of nectar sources. For more information...

Critter of the Week Aug 2: Brazilian free-tailed bat

2010-07-30T18:25:00.000-07:00

I LOVE BATS! Have I told you guys... I ADORE BATS!
Now people fear these little flying mammals because of so much misinformation "flying" around. But if this world had no bats, there would be far fewer species of plants and WAY more insects chomping on us at night! This picture was taken by my good friend Jennifer Beltran at emergence time of Bracken Cave. Bracken Cave is located in Texas and is the largest concentration of mammals on earth. Seen here is a Brazilian free-tailed bat which is a common resident of Florida. This species has a scent gland. The gland, located at throat base, secretes a strong musky odor. The odor reminds me of Fritos chips actually! You can smell a colony of these bats! They are commonly found roosting in manmade structures such as bridges, stadiums, attics, barrel tile roofs, etc. They are likely candidates for bat houses as well. The Florida population roosting behavior varies from populations in the central and southwestern United States.
These high fast flyers forage on insects such as moths, flies, and beetles and are known to be great controllers of agriculural pests in certain areas of the country.
For more information...

Critter of the Week July 19: Bald Eagle

2010-07-19T15:20:00.000-07:00

Sorry not to do my own write-up but I am not feeling well this evening. For more information about Florida's bald eagles...

Critter of the Week July 12: Northern River Otter

2010-07-12T14:35:00.000-07:00

One of my favorite animals to watch at Panther Island is the northern river otter. This species is a member of the weasel family (Mustelidae) which also includes minks, ferrets, martens, skunks, weasels, badgers, and wolverines. There are 16 species of Mustelids in North America (north of Mexico). All Mustelids have a pair of scent glands near their tail. Northern river otters use them to mark territory. But in skunks these are highly developed! These semi-aquatic mammals have long streamlined bodies supported on land by short legs ending in completely webbed feet with claws and thick tapered tails. They can close their nostrils underwater, and another adaptation is thick dense fur for insulation in the water where they can actually hold their breath for up to 4 minutes and reach speeds of 6 mph! Their whiskers are super sensitive so they can sense prey even in murky waters. They are found in canals, marshes, swamps, rivers, streams, lakes, and estuaries where they forage on a variety of aquatic critters like frogs, fish, turtles, crabs, crayfish, and more.

To learn more about northern river otters click here!

Update from Corkscrew!

2010-07-09T14:53:00.000-07:00

Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary is home to the endangered Ghost Orchid. And once again it is in full bloom! Come visit us!
http://www.corkscrew.audubon.org/Wildlife/GhostOrchid.html

Critter of the Week for July 5: Banded Sphinx Moth

2010-07-06T18:31:00.000-07:00

The caterpillars for the banded sphinx moth are large and beautiful! Primrose-willow and other plants in the evening primrose family (Onagraceae) are the host plants for the caterpillars of this species. The caterpillars are also extremely variable (both photos above are banded sphinx moth caterpillars). Note the similar black dots and white banding. Their range extends from northern Argentina northward to the southern United States. Once the caterpillars have matured, they descend from the host plant and can into shallow subterranean burrows where they pupate. In butterfly and moth terminology, a "flight" is a generation of adults. The Florida population has several flights in a year. Adults forage on the nectar of a variety of flowers under cover of night. Sphinx moths are often referred to a hawk moths. This is due to their strong flying and hovering abilities. These moths can almost get speeds up to 25 mph! For photos of the adult moth go to...

Break! Some Panther Island Plants!

2010-06-29T15:58:00.000-07:00

Critter of the week June 21: Pig Frog

2010-06-21T12:46:00.000-07:00

Another favorite of mine is the pig frog. This native is sometimes confused with the bullfrog but can be differentiated by its pointed snout; its fourth toe also goes just beyond the webbing whereas in a bullfrog there is a noticeable extension beyond the webbing. In males, the eardrum (aka tympanum) is larger than the eye but is smaller or equal to the eye in the female. Their call is like the grunt of a pig.... hence its common name! They are found at the edges of lakes, marshes, rivers, swamps, etc. This species will eat a variety of items such as insects, small crustaceans, small reptiles, small amphibians, and even worms! For more information...

Critter of the Week June 14: Southern Leopard Frog

2010-06-14T13:08:00.000-07:00

The Southern Leopard frog is one of my favorite frogs (although really I like all the native frogs!). These guys are found throughout the southeastern US, and their range overlaps with the Northern Leopard frog. They are distinguished from the Northern by 1) a distinct light spot in the middle of the typanum (yes, google that word!), 2) longer, more pointed head, and 3) just a few dark spots on the side of the body. They can be found in all types of shallow freshwater habitats, and interestingly, they even venture into brackish coastal marshes. Recently some herpetologists have started to distinguish a separate species as the Florida Leopard frog, but it depends on who you talk to! They forage on insects, small fish, and small crustaceans. When threatened they will emit one short high-pitched squeak. I felt so blessed to get the shots seen here. There were literally 100s of these guys in shallow puddles foraging on tiny fish on Panther Island. I must admit to laying in the mud to get most of these shots.

Critter of the Week for May 31: Green Anole

2010-06-01T14:16:00.000-07:00

The Green Anole can be found all over the southeastern US. It is Florida's only native anole species though. These guys can change color some and can often be seen as a light brown. There are a variety of factors that influence coloring including temperature, background (camouflage), and emotion. In southwestern Florida, the green anoles cream-colored dewlaps, and yes both males and females have dewlaps. the males is slightly larger though. Green anoles have been studied extensively for their behaviors, adn much can be found about their breeding and territorial displays. They forage on insects, spiders and other small arthropods.

Critter of the Week for May 17: White Peacock

2010-05-16T16:47:00.000-07:00

Panther Island is home to a variety of butterflies including the white peacock. This species is a member of the brush-footed butterfly family. Water hyssop is the favored larval food. They prefer moist and open habitats. These guys typically fly with shallow wingbeats close to the ground. The adults typically feed on verbenas species.

Critter of the Week May 10: Florida box turtle

2010-05-11T17:15:00.000-07:00

t.The Florida Box turtle is one of six subspecies of box turtle. This subspecies can be found in woodlands, marshes, wetlands, and swamp edges. They are omnivorous in the wild.

Critter of the Week May 3: American Alligator

2010-05-04T18:29:00.000-07:00

For fun alligator facts click on the link below!
http://www.corkscrew.audubon.org/Wildlife/Alligators.html

Change of Pace... !

2010-05-01T09:48:00.000-07:00

For the last few months I have been concentrating on the birds supported by the habitat at Panther Island. However, the wildlife is not limited to just those who can fly on feathered wings! So in the future I will be doing flora and fauna of the week which will include insects, reptiles, mammals, etc. and a little information on one plant each week! Hope you enjoy!

Bird of the Week April 19: Double-crested Cormorant

2010-04-19T11:26:00.000-07:00

Double-crested cormorants are found on clear open waters such as rivers and ponds to estuaries and oceans. It is the most widespread and common cormorant in North America.

These guys feed primarily on fish, and they can dive up to 100 ft. after their prey using their feet for propulsion. They can stay below water for 30-70 seconds. They will also eat crustaceans and amphibians. Unlike the anhinga that spears its prey, these guys grab prey in their bills.

Double-crested cormorants are monogamous and form large breeding colonies. The nests are large flat nests usually made from sticks and moss that is then covered with excreta. The nests are built anywhere from 10 to 40 ft up in the air in trees. Inland they will use cypress trees but coastal colonies typically use mangroves. both sexes incubate the nests for 28-30 days and the young remain with the nest for the next 21-28 days. Their numbers decreased substantially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because of human persecution. However now this species is expanding their range and their numbers are increasing. Conflicts with humans arise because of this increase in numbers, and some people believe they are play a part in some fisheries collapses, but the evidence to support these claims are meager. Recently their has been proposed legislation to control their numbers because they will eat fish from fish farms.

Bird of the week April 12: Limpkin

2010-04-19T10:01:00.000-07:00

The secretive limpkin is a favorite of mine. I feel so lucky to see them along the flow-way at Panther Island with relative frequency. Found in wooded and brushy swamps, sloughs, and marshes plus along rivers,streams, and lakes throughout Florida and up into southern Georgia, the limpkin is usually seen alone and twitching its tail while looking for prey along waters' edge. This bird has a unique bill that when closed has a gap just before the tip that allows it to be used like tweezers, and this adaptation allows them to forage on apple snails. They also eat freshwater mussels, worms, and insects.

Limpkins are monogamous, and the males are territorial and will engage other males in aggressive and ritualistic displays that include behaviors such as loud calling, charging and retreating. Both adults work to build a platform nest composed of sticks, leaves, moss and other vegetation and are built in a variety of locations. Both sexes then incubate the eggs. The precocial young are looked after by the parents but can swim, run, and walk once they bust out of their shells.

This species is also unique in it being the only member of its taxonomic family! And while they resemble ibises and herons in their general body form, they are actually more closely related to rails and cranes. The limpkin (which was named for its unusual gait) is listed in Florida as a species of special concern. Their population is relatively stable in Florida, but numerous threats abound such as wetland drainage and apple snail population declines. Thick mats of nonnative vegetation like water hyacinth prevent them from finding food. Large monocultures of cattails degrade the environment as well and can also limit access to food. At Panther Island, we work diligently to keep cattails in check and to eradicate nonnative vegetation.

Bird of the Week for April 5: Barred Owl

2010-04-08T18:47:00.000-07:00

How cool are owls? One of my favorite birds is the barred owl. Every year, a couple of barred owls nests in a cypress dome that I can easily access. I love their "who-cooks-for-you, who-cooks-for-you-all" hoot! They are found in forested areas, including swamps all the way along the gradient to uplands. I often hear them calling during the day throughout the year.
Barred owls feed on small mammals, birds, frogs, snakes, lizards, fish, and more. hunting occurs primarily at night or dusk/dawn but are often active during the day. While sitting on a high perch, they scan the ground and listen for prey which they capture after a short flight/drop onto the ground.
They are monogamous, and it is believed that they pair for life! Nests are often in cavities of deciduous tees (such as my pair) or they will use open nests made by hawks. The female will incubate the nest for 28-33 days. Young stay in the nest for 42 days while being fed by both parents. The young hatch helpless, with closed eyes, and they are covered in white down.

Bird of the Week for March 29: Common Yellowthroat

2010-03-31T14:52:00.000-07:00

The common yellowthroat (male shown here) is a pretty warbler that lives in brushy marsh habitats; these guys are often seen closer to the ground where they bop around alone or in pairs foraging on insects, caterpillars, and spiders. Their nests are loose bulky cups of grasses/plant materials that are down near or on the ground. The females incubate the eggs for 12 days. The young are fed by both sexes and stay in the nests for 8-10 days.

Bird of the Week for March 15: Downy Woodpecker

2010-03-16T14:30:00.000-07:00

The Downy woodpecker has got to be one of my favorite birds. This is the smallest woodpecker in North America and can be found throughout much of the continent, from the southern US border all the way up into Canada. This is a common woodpecker that is found usually in open woodlands (more often deciduous) and along streams. They also can be found in man-made areas such as parks and suburbs and will come to bird feeders to feed on suet and black oil sunflower seeds. Usually though they forage on insects such as beetle larvae, caterpillars, and ants. Because of its small size it can reach food out on smaller branches than other woodpeckers. I have even seen them on goldenrod using their stiffened tail feathers for support while trying to get at insects inside of a gall!
They are a monogamous species, and both sexes work to excavate the nest hole which is between6 and 12 inches deep. It widens at the bottom so that there is room for eggs and a parent. Wood chips line the bottom. The entrance is only 1 to 1.5 inches wide. Both parents incubate the eggs for 12 days. The young stay for 20-25 days while being fed by both parents. The sexes look very similar but vary in that males have a red patch on the back of its head. These guys are similar in appearance to hairy woodpeckers which is a larger species with a longer bill.

Bird of the Week for March 8: Painted Bunting

2010-03-08T16:58:00.000-08:00

Exciting times at Panther Island where we have recently been seeing painted buntings! In the photo here is the brilliantly colored male. The female is a yellow-green underneath with bright green upperparts. Painted buntings prefer open brushlands, thickets, and scattered woodlands in the wild and will also use hedges and bushes in yards. While they are frequent visitors to birdfeeders, they feed on insects, insect larvae like caterpillars, and spiders during their breeding season. But in the fall and winter they eat seeds. They form monogamous pairs and spend lots of time together. Their nests are built of plant fibers formed into a deep, neatly woven cup. They then line the nest with hair or fine grasses. Typically nests are seen in low in vegetation such as trees, moss or vines. The nest is incubated by the female for 11-12 days before the young are born. The young are fed for 12-14 days by both parents with mom doing a little more of the work. They often have 2-3 broods in a year.
Because of their coloring and pretty song, they are popular cage birds. Laws now protect these birds in the United States. However their numbers are declining rapidly in the eastern US. The decline is probably due to habitat loss as well as a nest parasite (the brown-headed cowbird).

Bird of the Week: Roseate Spoonbill

2010-03-02T06:32:00.000-08:00

The roseate spoonbill is one of my favorite wading birds. They range from the southern United States down into Argentina and Chile. Their bill is shaped like a ...spoon. The tip has sensitive nerve endings that help it detect prey while it sweeps its bill side to side in the water. These guys eat small fish, crayfish, shrimp, crabs, and aquatic insects. During breeding season the adults' heads become a copper-buff color. They form monogamous couples that roost in colonies, often with other wading birds, in trees and shrubs. They will often use mangroves! Both ma and pa incubate the eggs for about 4 weeks. The young will stay in the nest being fed by both parents for 35-42 days.
Roseate spoonbills were a favorite victim of plume hunters at the turn of the century, their beautiful pink plumage was highly sought after! At one point, there were only 30 to 40 breeding pairs forming small colonies in Florida Bay. But full legal protection and conservation efforts have led to the species recovery.

Bird of the Week Feb. 22: Cedar Waxwings

2010-02-22T18:17:00.000-08:00

Cedar waxwings are winter residents of Florida. These birds travel in large flocks and are very social. Their name comes from the red waxlike secretions on the tips of its secondaries. Why does this happen? We don't know yet but it might be to help attract a mate. These birds typically are found in woodlands, especially along streams but can be found in farmlands, suburbs, and towns with fruit trees.
Cedar waxwings are one of the few bird species in North America that are fruit-eating specialists and can survive for months on fruit alone! Often birds that eat fruit (frugivores) spit the seeds back out but not these guys; they allow the seeds to pass through their systems which has allowed scientists to estimate how long it takes for them to digest their food. Sometimes they actually become intoxicated when they eat too many overripe berries that have begun to ferment. Crazy!In the summer they will supplement their diets with protein-rich insects.
These birds are monogamous and will search for a nest site together, but the female makes the decision. The female waxwings are the ones that build the majority of the nest by weaving twigs, blossoms, string, horsehair, or other similar materials into a bulky cup. This process takes 5-6 days and can take upwards of 2,500 trips to and from the nest. Incubation is done by both parents for 12-16 days and the young are fed for 14-18 days by both ma and pa. These guys are attracted to birdbaths and will eat berries and raisins from bird feeders.

Bird of the Week Feb 15: Green Heron

2010-02-15T08:20:00.000-08:00

One of my favorite wading birds is the beautiful green heron. These birds will actually use tools! They will often drop bait (feathers, twigs, insects, etc) on the top of water to lure small fish in and then go after the attracted fish! How cool is that!? They often will walk slowly or stand still when hunting and just wait for prey to come within striking distance. This species is widely distributed and can be found in most wetlands during the summer. They form monogamous pairs that nest alone (but sometimes they form small colonies). Their nests are small baskets of sticks typically placed near water in trees but sometimes can be found quite a distance from water. Both parents incubate the nest for 19-25 days and the young hang around to be fed by ma and pa for about 17 days. I am always amused when I accidentally disturb them and they ruffle the shaggy cresy so they look like they have a mohawk.

Bird of the Week Feb 8: Great Blue Heron

2010-02-11T09:58:00.000-08:00

The great blue heron is the largest and most widespread heron of North America. I am always amused when I hear one croak or squawk in agitation after I have gotten too close while working. These guys forage in water by standing still for long periods and watching intently until prey such as fish, frogs or invertebrates come within rang. they then thrust their bills and snatch their prey out of the water. They will often meander slowly along the edges of waterways, marshes, or grassy fields hunting as well. They are monogamous and nest in colonies. The nests are platforms of large sticks that are then lined with things like pine needles, moss, reeds, and dry grass. The eggs are incubated for 25-30 days by both parents and the young will remain in the nest for an additional 65-90 days to be fed by both parents until they fledge.

Bird of the Week Feb. 1: Black-crowned night-heron

2010-02-02T11:22:00.000-08:00

Black-crowned night-herons are found in Florida year-round. These birds are active mainly at night although while feeding young they do actively forage during daylight hours. They forage in along waters' edges such as marshes, freshwater pools, streams, and coastal estuaries. Their diet consists of fish, crustaceans, small amphibians, reptiles, nesting birds, and even small mammals. This species nests in colonies and build the nests out of sticks. Nests are in trees or shrubs over or near water. Both parents incubate the nest for 21-26 days. The young stay in the nest for 28 days and are fed by both parents. At about 42 days the young fledge. Since this bird is a wetlands-dependent species, it is considered a Species of Special Concern in Florida. The black-crowned night heron is sometimes confused with its relative the yellow-crowned night-heron. Black-crowned night-herons can be distinguished by their red eyes, black back, cap, and nape, along with white underparts and face.

Bird of the Week Jan. 25: Belted Kingfisher

2010-01-27T10:06:00.000-08:00

The belted kingfisher is an aerial marvel. These guys are often seen hovering over water before plunging headfirst in after prey! They feed primarily on fish but will also eat insects, crayfish, frogs, and even berries. While they are year-round residents of Florida, they are typically seen more often at Panther Island during the winter months. Almost every day I am greeted along the canal by one or more of these pretty birds. Actually, this is one of the few bird species in which the female is more brightly colored than the male! When they breed, they actively defend a territory against other kingfishers. Their nests are actually burrows that they build into a sandy or clay streambanks. Both parents excavate using their bills and feet. Both parents incubate the eggs for about 24 days. The young are then completely reliant on their parents for food until they fledge after about 3 weeks. Their rattling call is distinct and often keeps me entertained while i am working in the field near open water areas.

Random Beauty from Panther Island

2010-01-22T13:18:00.000-08:00

Dusky pygmy rattlesnakes are often seen throughout Panther Island. Young snakes of this species have a yellow-greenish tail tip. These guys only get to to be between 12 to 24 inches long but they are thick-bodied. Their rattles are small and hard to hear... it sounds like an insect buzzing actually! They are VENOMOUS so be careful!

Bird of the Week: January 18: Swallow-tailed Kite

2010-01-18T17:48:00.000-08:00

Every mid-February, I am greeted by one of my favorite birds. Swallow-tailed kites spend the fall and winter in South America before migrating back to the United States where they are found only in the southeast with most of them in Florida.
These graceful flyers are aerial hawkers that consume insects and small animals like snakes, lizards, frogs, and even small birds. I am always amazed to see one skim the branches of a tree and come away with a lizard or some other prey in its talons. They form monogamous pairs and build nests out of small sticks woven with Spanish moss. They prefer tall cypress or pines but due to habitat loss are often forced to use the flimsy branches of the invasive Australian pine tree. Because of the flimsiness, nests are susceptible to falling in high winds. Both parents incubate the eggs for about 24-28 days (but mama does most of it!). The semialtricial young will then be fed by both parents and stay in the nest for around 36-42 days.They are easily identified in flight by their black upperparts and contrasting white head and underparts as well as their forked tail which opens and closes like scissors as they swoop to and fro. Their call is also distinct, and they keep me company throughout the summer with their cries and aerial acrobatics. Before they migrate south, they will often gather in large communal roosts and then one day they are gone, off to South America.

Bird of the week Jan 11: Great Egret

2010-01-12T05:30:00.000-08:00

Great egrets are the largest white egret within their range; these common birds were once hinted for their beautiful plumage. During breeding season, they have long lacy plumes that develop on its back and that extend down beyond their tail. They are a fully protected species that has rebounded since the days of the plume hunters. These guys nest and roost in mixed colonies in trees (with herons, other egrets, ibis, etc.). They tend to hunt alone though (but are often seen with other species in the area) and forage in shallow waters or grassy marshes. They move slowly looking for prey such as crayfish, fish, frogs, snakes, and large insects. They are monogamous breeders and incubate their eggs together for 23-26 days. The young stay in the nest for 21 days and are fed by both ma an pa.

Bird of the Week January 4, 2010: American White Pelican

2010-01-04T19:12:00.000-08:00

The American White Pelican is one of the largest birds in North America with a wingspan up to 9.5 feet. They spend their summers on inland lakes in the NW US and into Canada. They migrate south for the winter and some even make the trek all the way to Florida. One cool behavior they have is a cooperative behavior where a flock works together to "herd" fish into shallow waters and then scooping them up (I witnessed this first hand while in Yellowstone National Park one summer). Their pouches can hold up to 3 gallons of water! This large bird is monogamous and forms large colonies on the ground where they build their nests. Both sexes incubate the eggs for 29-36 days with the young then fed by both adults for 17-28 days. The young then will form groups called "pods" after fledging. During this time, the adults continue to feed them. When they are 9-10 weeks old, they will make their first flights! These guys were also valued during the late 1800s for their plumes albeit they were in as much demand as herons or egrets.

Bird of the Week: Christmas Hiatus!

2009-12-25T21:33:00.001-08:00

Hello all! I am currently celebrating the holiday season with friends and will not be able to do the bird of the week posts. Back on track after the holidays!

Bird of the Week December 14: Tree Swallow

2009-12-22T05:49:00.000-08:00

Tree swallows are winter residents of Florida. They migrate down from the northern United States and all over Canada. When in flight, they are often in large flocks, and adults can be identified by their dark upperparts, white underparts, triangular wings with greenish underwing linings, and notched tail. These aerial songbirds have short little legs (which I find extremely amusing and cute!). They feed on flying insects. Why just the other day I saw a flock of maybe 150 cruising over Panther Island marshes performing astonishing aerial acrobatics while going after insects. In the winter, they will also eat berries. I also saw a flock of about 200 swirling around above wax myrtle trees along the roadside to work. They would swarm down onto the trees and consume all the berries in a hectic frenzy! It is an awesome thing to see.

They are commonly seen in open fields, marshes, and along woodland edges; these guys are often seen in towns as well. They form loose social colonies; tree swallows are not monogamous and males often have 2 mates at once and these vary from year to year. The nests are a small open cup made of pine needles or grass found inside of a tree cavity or nest box. They use feathers of other birds to line the nest. Normally clutch size is between 2-8 eggs that hatch after the female incubates them for 13-16 days. And the little guys hang around for 16-24 days to be fed by mom and dad before they leave the nest.
Check out some tree swallow hatchlings!
More Tree Swallow antics!

Bird fo the Week December 14: Northern Mockingbird

2009-12-14T19:28:00.000-08:00

The Northern Mockingbird is the state bird of Florida. This songbird is common through most of the United States. They are extremely versatile and can be found nesting in suburban areas as well as a wide range of other open to partly open habitats in natural areas. They forage on a variety of things including: spiders, insects, crayfish, snails, and even lizards and small snakes on occasion. They also eat berries and fruits and will often protect a source of these from other birds like American Robins. These monogamous birds build nests low down in dense brush or trees using twigs. The nests are pretty bulky and lined with finer materials. Both sexes build the nest. The female typically lays 3-4 eggs per clutch.Once incubation is done (12-13 days) the young will be fed for 10-12 days before they leave the nest. Northern Mockingbirds are very territorial and spend alot of time singing. The songs they sing can be original or mimics of other birds as well as other animals, insects, machinery, etc. The series of songs and imitative sounds are usually repeated 3-5 (or more) times.

Bird of the Week December 7: Sandhill Crane

2009-12-07T14:31:00.000-08:00

There are two subspecies of the sandhill crane found in Florida. At Panther Island, I see Florida sandhill cranes year-round and during the winter they are often joined by migratory greater sandhill cranes. The Florida subspecies nests in late winter into spring in Florida (and on Panther Island... a goal is to photograph and document this this year!). The nests are basically flat mats of vegetaion (dead sticks, reeds, grasses, and moss) around 2 feet in diameter. Nests are found in shallow water. These birds are monogamous and it is believed they mate for life. They don't reach sexual maturity until 2 years and can live to be 20 years old. Usually the female lays 2 eggs and then both adults incubate the eggs over a period of about a month. The young are a pretty rusty or cinnamon color that fades as they age. The little ones are able to follow their parents around within a day of hatching! Sandhill cranes forage on a wide variety of things including berries, seeds, insects, snakes, frogs, crayfish and even small mammals and birds.
For additional information go to the International Crane Foundation

Bird of the Week November 30: Black Vulture

2009-11-30T09:50:00.000-08:00

People often do not like vultures, but I happen to think they are great! They are nature's garbage disposals. Black vultures (seen in the photo) feed solely on carrion. Every morning I am greeted by a large group of black vultures that roost in trees at Panther Island. Often they are on the ground hanging out. They use thermals to soar high overhead and can be distinguished in flight from turkey vultures by the way they hold their wings. Black vultures hold their wings flatter than the "v" shape that turkey vultures make, and their tails are shorter and flatter plus more fanned out in flight. They have white patches at their wing tips but turkey vultures do not. Black vultures also flap their wings more frequently. These guys deposit eggs (usually 2) on the ground. Instead of building nests, they use existing vegetation as cover. They will also lay eggs in hollow tree trunks or caves. Both parents work to incubate the eggs for around 40 days, and the hatchlings are fed regurgitated food from both parents. Their young fledge at about 8-10 weeks. Vultures are under state protection and it is illegal to harass them or shoot them without a permit.

Bird(s) of the Week for November 23: Anhinga and Eastern Phoebe

2009-11-23T14:25:00.000-08:00

Anhingas are often called "snake birds". These birds are year-round residents of Florida (can even be found south down to Argentina), and they are often seen perched on rocks or branches with their wings outstretched. They do this b/c they lack the oil glands other aquatic birds have and therefore need to dry their feathers. I enjoy watching them swim with their bodies completely submerged in water with their long neck and head sticking out. Sometimes I can see them spear fish with their sharp beaks. They will then break the surface and flip the meal up in the air and capture it before they finally get to eat! Anhingas feed on crayfish, shrimp, amphibians, snakes and even young alligators. They roost in trees along shorelines, and the females will construct their nests out of sticks and line it with grass and leaves. Eggs are incubated for about 30 days by both parents, and the altricial young are fed by both sexes. The males eye will become blue-green during breeding season, and the female can be distinguished by her buff-tan neck.

Eastern phoebes are flycatchers that winter in Florida and are often seen in open woods and along woodland edges. They also like to perch on fences, utility wires, and treetops. At Panther Island, I often see them catching insects on the fly (their primary food) or feeding on berries. They build their cup-shaped nests in man-made structures now but used to use niches in natural embankments. Nests are made from mud, moss, and plant materials, and it is the female that builds them over a period of 7-10 days. these guys are very common cowbird hosts.

Apologies!

2009-11-22T09:17:00.000-08:00

My apologies for not getting a bird of the week up this last week. So coming soon, two birds of the week!